The Educational Terrain of Preparing Registered Nurses to Prescribe: An Environmental Scan.

Expanded nursing roles are being explored in Canada as a means to better support the health of the population, enable access to quality care and contribute to the sustainability of the healthcare system. As Canada embarks on a process of developing and implementing registered nurse (RN) prescribing roles, gathering evidence from jurisdictions with established nurse prescribing is helpful to inform policy development. Of particular interest is literature from the UK, with more than 20 years of experience with nurse prescribing, which identifies the importance of completing graduate pharmacological education and building on existing clinical knowledge and experience. Similar models of RN prescribing education have been adopted in New Zealand and Ireland. Within Canada, the RN prescribing role is still in its infancy, and there is some variation among provinces in the approach to prescribing practices and in RN prescribing education. This paper describes the results of an environmental scan that sought to explore the educational practices of national and international jurisdictions through published and grey literature sources. Findings from this environmental scan will support nurse leaders as they develop RN prescribing regulation and education in Canada and will highlight important areas for further knowledge development.

Validation of the Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool for the Multidimensional Measurement of Pain in Children and Adolescents Diagnosed with Osteogenesis Imperfecta.

Background: The Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool (APPT) is a self-reported, multidimensional assessment of pain location, intensity, and quality in children and adolescents. Yet, it has not been validated for use in children and adolescents with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Aims: This study aimed to validate and evaluate the feasibility of the APPT for pain assessment in children and adolescents with OI. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at a university-affiliated pediatric hospital in Canada. Thirty-three children and adolescents with OI participated by completing the APPT pre-bisphosphonate intravenous infusion and 1 week post-bisphosphonate intravenous infusion. Main outcomes were internal consistency, convergent and discriminative validity, and feasibility. Results: The Kuder-Richardson test of internal consistency was 0.863, 0.661, and 0.729 for the Sensory, Affective, and Evaluative subscales, respectively. For the entire pain quality scale, the Cronbach's alpha was 0.835. Regarding convergent validity, a moderate correlation was observed between the ratings on the pain intensity scale and the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (Spearman's rho = 0.711). Patients for whom pain was a problem reported higher pain intensity (Mann Whitney U = 41.50, P = 0.032) and more pain quality descriptors (Mann Whitney U = 45.50, P = 0.020) and painful body areas (Mann-Whitney U = 25.50, P = 0.001) than those for whom it was not (Mann-Whitney U, P < 0.05). In terms of feasibility, completing the tool may require a considerable time commitment and assistance from a clinician or parent, especially if the patient is experiencing pain and provides detailed pain location and quality information by completing the APPT. Conclusions: This study suggests that the APPT is valid for the multidimensional assessment of pain in children and adolescents with OI, but feasibility needs to be enhanced.

Contexte: L'outil d'évaluation de la douleur des adolescents en pédiatrie (APPT) est une évaluation multidimensionnelle auto-déclarée de l'emplacement, de l'intensité et de la qualité de la douleur chez les enfants et les adolescents. Toutefois, l'utilisation de cet outil auprès des enfants et des adolescents souffrant d'ostéogénèse imparfaite n'a pas encore été validée.But: Cette étude avait pour but de valider et d'évaluer la faisabilité de l'APPT pour l'évaluation de la douleur dans cette population.Méthodes: Une étude observationnelle prospective a été menée dans un centre hospitalier universitaire à vocation pédiatrique au Canada. Trente-trois enfants et adolescents atteints d'ostéogénèse imparfaite ont participé à cette étude en répondant à l'APPT avant l'infusion intraveineuse de bisphosphonate et une semaine après celle-ci. Les principaux résultats étaient la cohérence interne, la validation convergente et discriminante, et la faisabilité.Résultats: Le résultat du test de Kuder-Richardson pour mesurer la cohérence interne était de 0,863 pour le sensoriel, 0,661 pour l'affectif et 0,729 pour les sous-échelles d'évaluation. Pour l'échelle de qualité de la douleur au complet, l'indice alpha de Cronbach était de 0,835. En ce qui concerne la validation convergente, une corrélation modérée a été observée entre les scores obtenus à l'échelle d'intensité de la douleur et le FPS-R (Rho de Spearman= 0,711). Les patients pour lesquels la douleur était problématique ont fait état d'une intensité de la douleur plus élevée, ont eu recours à un plus grand nombre de descripteurs de la qualité de la douleur et ont identifié davantage de parties du corps douloureuses que ceux pour lesquels la douleur n'était pas problématique (Mann-Whitney U, p < 0,05). En ce qui concerne la faisabilité, le temps requis pour répondre au questionnaire peut être considérable et l'aide d'un clinicien ou d'un parent peut être nécessaire, particulièrement si le patient ressent de la douleur et donne de l'information détaillée sur la localisation et la qualité de la douleur en répondant à l'APPT.Conclusions: Selon cette étude, l'APPT est valide pour l'évaluation multidimensionnelle de la douleur chez les enfants et les adolescens souffrant d'oastéogénèse imparfaite, mais sa faisabilité doit être améliorée.

A Best Practice Initiative to Optimize Transfer of Young Adults With Osteogenesis Imperfecta From Child to Adult Healthcare Services.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were (1) to review the current body of knowledge on the transition experiences of adolescents with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and appraise the evidence available on transfer summary tools, (2) to develop guidelines for the successful transition of adolescents with OI from child to adult healthcare services, and (3) to create a transfer tool tailored to adolescents with OI. DESIGN AND METHODS: This knowledge synthesis study was overseen by an interprofessional expert task force at Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada and entailed (1) review of the literature, (2) development of guidelines, and (3) creation of a tool. RESULTS: The tool was created from evidence compiled from case reports, clinical examples, and nonexperimental studies. CONCLUSION: The transfer tool proposes guidelines designed to facilitate a smooth transition from child to adult healthcare services. It also offers creation of a clinically meaningful, person-focused, OI transfer tool that may in turn help improve the transition experience for adolescents. This study significantly contributes to the dearth of literature on transition experiences in OI and on transfer tools in general. Future research is needed to evaluate the implementation and evaluation of the OI transfer tool in practice.

Pain and quality of life of children and adolescents with osteogenesis imperfecta over a bisphosphonate treatment cycle.

The objective was to describe the pain and quality of life among children and adolescents with any osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type over one intravenous bisphosphonate treatment cycle from a child and parental perspective. A prospective, observational study was conducted, where children and adolescents evaluated their pain intensity, location, and quality, as well as quality of life before, 1 week after treatment, and 6 months later. Quality of life was also evaluated from the parental perspective at the same three time points. Thirty-three child/parent dyads participated. The results showed that pain intensity on the 0-10 self-report scale after the Zoledronate infusion (median = 0, range = 0-6) was not different from pre (median = 2, range = 0-10) and 6-months post-scores (median = 2, range = 0-8) (p = 0.170). Children and adolescents with OI reported experiencing pain mainly in the ankles and the anterior and posterior shoulders. They selected evaluative pain descriptors such as uncomfortable (n = 16, 48%) and annoying (n = 13, 39%). Children and adolescents' functioning and quality of life did not change significantly across the bisphosphonate treatment cycle (p = 0.326), parents perceived an improvement immediately after the treatment compared to before (p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Children and adolescents with OI experience mild, yet complex pain localized across several body areas. There is little fluctuation in the pain intensity and functioning of children with OI undergoing bisphosphonate treatment. What is Known: • Acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain remains a major issue in OI. • Pain has a negative impact on quality of life. What is New: • New and unpublished methods and findings describing the pain and quality of life of children and adolescents with OI over one intravenous bisphosphonate treatment cycle from a child- and parental-proxy perspective. • Children and adolescents with OI experience pain intensity that is mild, yet complex in quality and localized across several body areas.